Chapter 37
1. What are gram negative infections more difficult to treat than gram positive?
a. their cells walls are more complex making it more difficult to penetrate
2. What is empiric therapy?
a. a broad spectrum antibiotic known to treat symptoms the patient is experiencing without identifying the specific specimen
3. Why should culture specimens be drawn before antibiotic therapy is begun?
a. it yields the most accurate specimen in the infection
4. What is prophylactic antibiotic therapy?
a. infection prevention in circumstances where infections are likely to occur
5. Under what circumstances do superinfections occur?
a. when antibiotics reduce or completely eliminate normal flora
6. What are the causes of strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics?
a. over or inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and patients not finishing their antibiotic regimen
7. What does it mean for an antibiotic to be bacteriostatic?
a. inhibits bacterial growth
8. Why are antibiotics given using the “around the clock” method?
a. maintain therapeutic levels
9. What are the common manifestations to a hypersensitive reaction of an antibiotic?
a. wheezing, shortness of breath, swelling of face, tongue or hands, itching, or rash
Chapter 38
10. What is the benefit of once-daily aminoglycoside dosing?
a. reduces nursing care time and allows for outpatient or home-based therapy
11. Why are trough levels drawn on aminoglycosides?
a. ensure adequate renal clearance and avoid toxicity
12. When should aminoglycoside trough levels be drawn?
a. at least 18 hours after completion of the dose
13. What is the therapeutic goal for trough concentration of aminoglycosides?
a. at or below 1 mcg/mL
14. What is the risk when trough levels are above 2 mcg / mL?
a. toxicity to the ears and toxicity to the kidneys
15. How often are aminoglycoside trough levels monitored?
a. once every 3 days
Chapter 39
16. Viruses are particles that do what inside a cell?
a. replicate
17. How do antiviral drugs work?
a. destory virions or inhibit replication
18. How do the current antiviral drugs that are synthetic compounds work?
a. inhibit viral replication
19. Where must antiviral drugs go to disrupt viral replication?
a. enter the cells the same way the virion does
20. What are antiretroviral drugs specifically used for?
a. treatment of infections caused by HIV
21. What is the mechanism of action of non-retroviral antiviral drugs?
a. block activity of polymerase enzyme, impairing viral replication
Chapter 41
22. What is an infection cause by a fungus called?
a. mycosis
23. Generally, who is affected by systemic fungal infections?
a. hosts with compromised immune defenses
24. Why is it so difficult to produce systemic antifungals for human use?
a. drug concentrations cannot be tolerated by human beings
25. What are the side effects that nearly all patients who receive amphotericin B intravenously experience?
a. fever, chills, hypotension, tachycardia, malaise, muscle and joint pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and headache
26. What drug classes are given to decrease the severity of reaction to amphotericin B?
a. anti-pyretics, anti-histamines, and anti-emetics
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